Pointer networks Tensorflow2

Overview

Pointer networks Tensorflow2

原文:https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03134
仅供参考与学习,内含代码备注

环境

tensorflow==2.6.0
tqdm
matplotlib
numpy

《pointer networks》阅读笔记

应用场景:

文本摘要,凸包问题,Roundelay 三角剖分,旅行商问题

其中包括一些Latex,github无法渲染,所以建议clone下来用Typora查看。

abstract

本文提出一种新的网络结构:输出序列的元素是与输入序列中的位置相对应的离散标记。

an output sequence with elements that are discrete tokens corresponding to positions in an input sequence.

这种问题目前可以被一些现有的方法解决:sequence-to-sequence, neural turing machines。但是这些方法不是特别适用。

本文解决的问题是sorting variable sized sequences,以及各种组合优化问题。本模型使用attention机制来解决变化尺寸的输出。

intro

RNN模型的输出维度是固定的,sequence-to-sequence模型移除了这一个限制,通过用一个RNN把输入映射为一个embedding,又用一个RNN把embedding映射到输出序列。

但是这些sequence-to-sequence 方法都是固定大小的词汇表。

例如词汇表中只存在A,B,C。那么输入

1,2,3 ----> A,B,C

1,2,3,4 ----> A,B,C,A

本文提出的框架适用于输出的词汇表大小取决于输入问题的大小

image-20211105133740833

image-20211105134312635

左图:seq-2-seq

蓝色RNN,输出一个向量。

紫色RNN,利用概率的链式法则,输出一个固定维度。

本文的贡献如下:

  1. 提出一种新的结构,称为指针网路。简单且高效
  2. 良好的泛化性能
  3. 一个TSP近似求解器

Models

sequence-to-sequence 模型

训练数据为: $$ (P,C^P) $$ 其中,$\mathcal{P}=\left{P_{1}, \ldots, P_{n}\right}$,是n个向量。$\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}=\left{C_{1}, \ldots, C_{m(\mathcal{P})}\right}$ ,n个对应的结果,$m(\mathcal{P})\in [1,n]$ 。传统的sequence-to-sequence的$\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}$是固定大小的,但是要提前给定。本文的$\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}$为n,根据输入改变。

如果模型的参数记为$\theta$,神经网络模型表达为: $$ p(C^P|P,\theta) $$ 使用链式法则,写为: $$ p\left(\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}} \mid \mathcal{P} ; \theta\right)=\prod_{i=1}^{m(\mathcal{P})} p_{\theta}\left(C_{i} \mid C_{1}, \ldots, C_{i-1}, \mathcal{P} ; \theta\right) $$ 训练阶段,最大似然概率: $$ \theta^{*}=\underset{\theta}{\arg \max } \sum_{\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}} \log p\left(\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}} \mid \mathcal{P} ; \theta\right) $$ input sequence的末端加一个$\Rightarrow$,代表进入生成阶段,$\Leftarrow$代表结束生成阶段。

推断: $$ \hat{\mathcal{C}}^{\mathcal{P}}=\underset{\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}}{\arg \max } p\left(\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}} \mid \mathcal{P} ; \theta^{*}\right) $$

content based input attention

对于attention机制,请查看《Neural Machine Translation By Jointly Learning To Align And Translate》阅读笔记。

对于LSTM RNN $$ \begin{aligned} u_{j}^{i} &=v^{T} \tanh \left(W_{1} e_{j}+W_{2} d_{i}\right) & j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ a_{j}^{i} &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(u_{j}^{i}\right) & j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ d_{i}^{\prime} &=\sum_{j=1}^{n} a_{j}^{i} e_{j} & \end{aligned} $$ 对于这个传统的attention机制,可以看到$u^{i}$, 是一个长度为$n$的向量。

这样的话,在解码器的每一个时间步迭代都会得到一个 n 长度的向量,可以作为指针,用于指向之前的 n 长度的序列。

Ptr-Net

所以Ptr-Net计算公式写为: $$ \begin{aligned} u_{j}^{i} &=v^{T} \tanh \left(W_{1} e_{j}+W_{2} d_{i}\right) \quad j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ p\left(C_{i} \mid C_{1}, \ldots, C_{i-1}, \mathcal{P}\right) &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(u^{i}\right) \end{aligned} $$ image-20211111103159924

image-20211111110334755

数据以 [Batch, time_steps, feature] 的形式进入编码器LSTM(绿色部分),在时间步上迭代$n$次以后,得到:

  • n 个 e [batch, units], 可以合并写为 [batch, n, units]

  • 最后一个时间步输出的 c [batch, units]

进入到解码器LSTM(蓝色部分),输入为:

  • 上次得到解码得到的的pointer,如果是第一次则为initial pointer
  • 上次的状态d,c

pointer 如何得到?计算公式如下: $$ \begin{aligned} u_{j}^{i} &=v^{T} \tanh \left(W_{1} e_{j}+W_{2} d_{i}\right) \quad j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ p\left(C_{i} \mid C_{1}, \ldots, C_{i-1}, \mathcal{P}\right) &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(u^{i}\right) \end{aligned} $$

motivation and datasets structure

文章是为了解决三种问题,凸包,Delaunay Triangulation,旅行商问题。在此只对旅行商问题进行探讨。

travelling salesman problem

给定一个城市列表,我们希望找到一条最短的路线,每个城市只访问一次,然后返回起点。此外,假设两个城市之间的距离在正反方向上是相同的。这是一个NP难问题,测试模型的能力和局限性。

数据生成:

卡迪尔坐标系(二维),$[0,1] \times[0,1]$

使用 Held-Karp algorithm 得到准确解,n最多为20。

A1,A2,A3为三种其他算法。A1,A2时间复杂度为$O\left(n^{2}\right)$,A3时间复杂度为$O\left(n^{3}\right)$。A3,Christofides algorithm 算法保证在距离最佳长度1.5倍的范围内找到解,详细信息查看原文参考文献。生成1M个数据进行训练。

image-20211111111416012

分析表格:

  1. n=5的时候,性能都很好
  2. n=10,ptr-net的性能比A1好
  3. n=50的时候,无法超过数据集性能(因为ptr-net使用不准确的答案进行训练的)
  4. 只用n少的训练,推广到大n情况,性能不太好。

对于n=30的情况,Ptr-net算法复杂度为$O(n \log n)$,远低于A1,A2,A3。却有相似的性能,说明可发展空间还是很大的。

You might also like...
Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN)Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN)

Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN) Done by @NEGU93 - J. Agustin Barrachina Using this library, the only difference with a Tensorflow code is that y

A framework that constructs deep neural networks, autoencoders, logistic regressors, and linear networks

A framework that constructs deep neural networks, autoencoders, logistic regressors, and linear networks without the use of any outside machine learning libraries - all from scratch.

Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration
Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration

PyTorch is a Python package that provides two high-level features: Tensor computation (like NumPy) with strong GPU acceleration Deep neural networks b

Lightweight library to build and train neural networks in Theano

Lasagne Lasagne is a lightweight library to build and train neural networks in Theano. Its main features are: Supports feed-forward networks such as C

A flexible framework of neural networks for deep learning
A flexible framework of neural networks for deep learning

Chainer: A deep learning framework Website | Docs | Install Guide | Tutorials (ja) | Examples (Official, External) | Concepts | ChainerX Forum (en, ja

Fast, flexible and fun neural networks.

Brainstorm Discontinuation Notice Brainstorm is no longer being maintained, so we recommend using one of the many other,available frameworks, such as

Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks (Pix2pix) implementation in keras

pix2pix-keras Pix2pix implementation in keras. Original paper: Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks (pix2pix) Paper Author

Code samples for my book "Neural Networks and Deep Learning"

Code samples for "Neural Networks and Deep Learning" This repository contains code samples for my book on "Neural Networks and Deep Learning". The cod

Python Library for learning (Structure and Parameter) and inference (Statistical and Causal) in Bayesian Networks.

pgmpy pgmpy is a python library for working with Probabilistic Graphical Models. Documentation and list of algorithms supported is at our official sit

Releases(v0)
Owner
HUANG HAO
Program = Algorithm + Data structure
HUANG HAO
A self-supervised 3D representation learning framework named viewpoint bottleneck.

Pointly-supervised 3D Scene Parsing with Viewpoint Bottleneck Paper Created by Liyi Luo, Beiwen Tian, Hao Zhao and Guyue Zhou from Institute for AI In

63 Aug 11, 2022
HiFi++: a Unified Framework for Neural Vocoding, Bandwidth Extension and Speech Enhancement

HiFi++ : a Unified Framework for Neural Vocoding, Bandwidth Extension and Speech Enhancement This is the unofficial implementation of Vocoder part of

Rishikesh (ऋषिकेश) 118 Dec 29, 2022
A disassembler for the RP2040 Programmable I/O State-machine!

piodisasm A disassembler for the RP2040 Programmable I/O State-machine! Usage Just run piodisasm.py on a file that contains the PIO code as hex! (Such

Ghidra Ninja 29 Dec 06, 2022
The Body Part Regression (BPR) model translates the anatomy in a radiologic volume into a machine-interpretable form.

Copyright © German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Medical Image Computing (MIC). Please make sure that your usage of this code is in compl

MIC-DKFZ 40 Dec 18, 2022
Distilling Motion Planner Augmented Policies into Visual Control Policies for Robot Manipulation (CoRL 2021)

Distilling Motion Planner Augmented Policies into Visual Control Policies for Robot Manipulation [Project website] [Paper] This project is a PyTorch i

Cognitive Learning for Vision and Robotics (CLVR) lab @ USC 6 Feb 28, 2022
HandFoldingNet ✌️ : A 3D Hand Pose Estimation Network Using Multiscale-Feature Guided Folding of a 2D Hand Skeleton

HandFoldingNet ✌️ : A 3D Hand Pose Estimation Network Using Multiscale-Feature Guided Folding of a 2D Hand Skeleton Wencan Cheng, Jae Hyun Park, Jong

cwc1260 23 Oct 21, 2022
Minimalistic PyTorch training loop

Backbone for PyTorch training loop Will try to keep it minimalistic. pip install back from back import Bone Features Progress bar Checkpoints saving/l

Kashin 4 Jan 16, 2020
ACV is a python library that provides explanations for any machine learning model or data.

ACV is a python library that provides explanations for any machine learning model or data. It gives local rule-based explanations for any model or data and different Shapley Values for tree-based mod

Salim Amoukou 85 Dec 27, 2022
Planar Prior Assisted PatchMatch Multi-View Stereo

ACMP [News] The code for ACMH is released!!! [News] The code for ACMM is released!!! About This repository contains the code for the paper Planar Prio

Qingshan Xu 127 Dec 31, 2022
This is the code for the paper "Motion-Focused Contrastive Learning of Video Representations" (ICCV'21).

Motion-Focused Contrastive Learning of Video Representations Introduction This is the code for the paper "Motion-Focused Contrastive Learning of Video

11 Sep 23, 2022
Models, datasets and tools for Facial keypoints detection

Template for Data Science Project This repo aims to give a robust starting point to any Data Science related project. It contains readymade tools setu

girafe.ai 1 Feb 11, 2022
TGS Salt Identification Challenge

TGS Salt Identification Challenge This is an open solution to the TGS Salt Identification Challenge. Note Unfortunately, we can no longer provide supp

neptune.ai 123 Nov 04, 2022
This repository contains an implementation of ConvMixer for the ICLR 2022 submission "Patches Are All You Need?".

Patches Are All You Need? 🤷 This repository contains an implementation of ConvMixer for the ICLR 2022 submission "Patches Are All You Need?". Code ov

ICLR 2022 Author 934 Dec 30, 2022
This repository contains the implementation of the HealthGen model, a generative model to synthesize realistic EHR time series data with missingness

HealthGen: Conditional EHR Time Series Generation This repository contains the implementation of the HealthGen model, a generative model to synthesize

0 Jan 20, 2022
CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matching(CVPR2021)

CFNet(CVPR 2021) This is the implementation of the paper CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matching, CVPR 2021, Zhelun Shen, Yuch

106 Dec 28, 2022
PyTorch code accompanying our paper on Maximum Entropy Generators for Energy-Based Models

Maximum Entropy Generators for Energy-Based Models All experiments have tensorboard visualizations for samples / density / train curves etc. To run th

Rithesh Kumar 135 Oct 27, 2022
Autonomous Movement from Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Autonomous Movement from Simultaneous Localization and Mapping About us Built by a group of Clarkson University students with the help from Professor

14 Nov 07, 2022
nn_builder lets you build neural networks with less boilerplate code

nn_builder lets you build neural networks with less boilerplate code. You specify the type of network you want and it builds it. Install pip install n

Petros Christodoulou 157 Nov 20, 2022
Using deep actor-critic model to learn best strategies in pair trading

Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-in-Stock-Trading Using deep actor-critic model to learn best strategies in pair trading Abstract Partially observed Markov

281 Dec 09, 2022
Official code for 'Pixel-wise Energy-biased Abstention Learning for Anomaly Segmentationon Complex Urban Driving Scenes'

PEBAL This repo contains the Pytorch implementation of our paper: Pixel-wise Energy-biased Abstention Learning for Anomaly Segmentationon Complex Urba

Yu Tian 115 Dec 29, 2022